Ukurikije amateka yinganda zamabanki yo muri Amerika, ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati yo gutanga inguzanyo na banki icuruza?
21/11/2022
Amateka ya Banki y'Abanyamerika
Mu 1838, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zashyizeho itegeko ry’amabanki ku buntu, ryemerera iterambere ry’ubuntu urwego rw’imari rwo hambere.
Icyo gihe, umuntu wese ufite amadorari 100.000 yashoboraga gufungura banki.
Inganda z’amabanki zemereye ubucuruzi buvanze, amabanki y’ubucuruzi yashoboraga gukemura ibibazo by’inguzanyo, ariko kandi yagize uruhare mu ishoramari ry’amabanki n’ubwishingizi, bivuze ko amabanki atigeze abitsa kubitsa gusa, ahubwo yanatwaye amafaranga yababitsa kugira ngo bashore imari.
Niyo mpamvu, umubare w’amabanki yo muri Amerika wiyongereye vuba, ushukwa n’ibisabwa byinjira kandi byunguka byinshi.
Ariko, hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryurwego rwamabanki, kutagira amahame amwe nubugenzuzi byateje akaduruvayo murwego rwamabanki.
Mu gihe cy'ihungabana rikomeye ryo mu 1929, igihe amabanki yakoresheje atitonze amafaranga y'ababitsa mu ishoramari rishobora guteza akaga, isenyuka ry’isoko ry’imigabane muri Amerika ryateje amabanki, kandi amabanki arenga 9000 yananiwe mu myaka itatu - igikorwa kivanze gifatwa nk’impamvu ikomeye mu gukurura ihungabana rikomeye.
Mu 1933, Kongere yashyizeho itegeko rya Glass-Steagall, ryabuzaga ibikorwa bivanze n'amabanki kandi ritandukanya cyane imikorere y’amabanki y’ishoramari n’amabanki y’ubucuruzi, bivuze ko kubitsa amabanki y’ubucuruzi byashoboraga kuba ibyago bike.
JP Morgan Bank nkuko tubizi nayo yagombaga kwigabanyamo muri JP Morgan Bank na Morgan Stanley Bank muri kiriya gihe.
Kuri ubu, urwego rwamabanki rwo muri Amerika rwinjiye mu cyiciro cyo gutandukana.
Muri kiriya gihe, inganda zamabanki zakoraga ubucuruzi busa nubumwe, kandi urwego rwubucuruzi nubunini bwubucuruzi byabujijwe kurwego runaka.
Ukuboza 1999, itegeko ryo kuvugurura serivisi z’imari ryemejwe muri Amerika, rikuraho imipaka iri hagati y’amabanki, ibigo by’imigabane n’ibigo by’ubwishingizi mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi, bikarangira hafi imyaka 70 yo gutandukana.
“Ubuzima bwahise” bw'inguzanyo
Ubusanzwe, inguzanyo zinguzanyo ahanini zari inguzanyo yo Kwishura Balloon mugihe gito cyangwa giciriritse.
Icyakora, izo nguzanyo zumvaga cyane impinduka z’ibiciro by’amazu, kandi igihe Ihungabana rikomeye ryatangiraga, ibiciro by’amazu byakomeje kugabanuka kandi amabanki ahura n’imyenda myinshi mibi, bituma habaho inzitizi mbi yatumye abaturage batakaza amazu ndetse n’umubare munini wa amabanki ahomba.
Nyuma y’ihungabana, mu rwego rwo kuzamura ubukungu no gukemura ikibazo cy’imiturire y’abaturage, Amerika yatangiye gufasha abaturage kubona inguzanyo z’inguzanyo mu buryo bwa leta.
Ishyirahamwe ry’inguzanyo ku rwego rw’igihugu (FNMA cyangwa Fannie Mae) ryashinzwe mu 1938 mbere na mbere kugira ngo rigure inguzanyo zishingiwe n’ubuyobozi bukuru bw’imiturire (FHA) n’ubuyobozi bukuru bw’abasirikare (VA) maze zitangira kugura imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta yemerewe inguzanyo mu 1972.
Muri kiriya gihe, isoko ry’inguzanyo muri rusange ryari rigikora nabi cyane, kandi bitewe n’amacakubiri, banki z’ishoramari zavumbuye buhoro buhoro ko binyuze mu guharanira umutungo, zishobora kwangiriza inguzanyo imwe y’inguzanyo yo guturamo hamwe n’amafaranga menshi mu mubare munini. inkwano zingana, zatezimbere cyane.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu 1970, guverinoma yashyizeho ikigo cy’inguzanyo z’amazu (FHLMC cyangwa Freddie Mac) kugira ngo gitezimbere isoko rya kabiri ry’inguzanyo zo guturamo.
Ishirwaho rya Freddie Mac ryagize uruhare rutaziguye mu iterambere ry’isoko rya kabiri ry’inguzanyo zo guturamo kandi ritanga inzira yo gutanga inguzanyo.
Itandukaniro hagati yo gutanga inguzanyo na Banki icuruza
Iyo uwagurijwe atekereza gusaba inguzanyo yo munzu, inzira ebyiri zikunze kugaragara ni ukujya muri banki (Banki idandaza) cyangwa kuri broker (Inguzanyo ya Mortgage).
Ku rundi ruhande, banki icuruza (banki y’ubucuruzi), ubusanzwe ni isosiyete ivanze itanga inguzanyo kimwe na serivisi z’imari nko kuzigama, amakarita y’inguzanyo, inguzanyo z’imodoka, n’ishoramari.
Iyo uwagurijwe yegereye banki runaka, bazabona gusa amakuru na serivisi by’iyo banki, kandi serivisi za banki akenshi zigarukira gusa ku nguzanyo ubwayo, ku buryo bigoye guhuza byimazeyo ibibazo biri hagati y’urugo n’inguzanyo.
Mugihe amafaranga ya banki acuruza ashobora kuba make, uwatanze inguzanyo mubisanzwe atanga serivisi zumwuga, igisubizo cyihuse, hamwe no guhitamo ibicuruzwa kubantu benshi.
Inguzanyo zitanga inguzanyo zirashobora guha abahawe inguzanyo inama zuzuye kandi zumwuga, zifasha abashyitsi gusubiza ibibazo bitandukanye bigoye bijyanye ninguzanyo no gutera inkunga imishinga, kandi bakabona icyiza cyagurijwe mubicuruzwa byinshi.
Ibi bivuze kandi ko umwanya wabatanga inguzanyo ari mwiza kubaguriza, kuko bafite amahitamo menshi ninyungu zifatika.
Birashobora kuvugwa ko kubona inguzanyo nziza hamwe nuwatangije inguzanyo nziza bishobora kuzigama amafaranga yuguriza, igihe, no kubona amakuru meza yibicuruzwa bwa mbere.
Itangazo: Iyi ngingo yahinduwe na AAA LENDINGS;amwe mumashusho yakuwe kuri enterineti, umwanya wurubuga ntuhagarariwe kandi ntushobora gusubirwamo nta ruhushya.Hariho ingaruka ku isoko kandi ishoramari rigomba kwitonda.Iyi ngingo ntabwo igizwe ninama zishoramari kugiti cye, kandi ntizita ku ntego zihariye zishoramari, uko ubukungu bwifashe cyangwa ibikenerwa nabakoresha kugiti cyabo.Abakoresha bagomba gusuzuma niba ibitekerezo, ibitekerezo cyangwa imyanzuro ikubiye hano ihuye nibibazo byabo.Shora ukurikije ingaruka zawe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-22-2022